New Caledonia has imposed a 50-year ban on deep-sea mining across its entire Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), covering approximately 1.3 million square kilometers. This move positions the French Pacific territory among the most restrictive globally concerning seabed mineral extraction.
The legislation, passed with broad support in the Congress of New Caledonia, prohibits all commercial exploration, prospecting, and mining of mineral resources within the EEZ. Only non-invasive scientific research will be permitted. Jérémie Katidjo Monnier, the local government member responsible for the initiative, stated during the public session, “Rather than giving in to the logic of immediate profit, New Caledonia can choose to be a pioneer in ocean protection.”
New Caledonia is recognized as a global hotspot for marine biodiversity. Its waters are home to nearly one-third of the world’s remaining pristine coral reefs, which now account for just 1.5% of reefs worldwide. The territory’s coral reefs, including the world’s longest continuous barrier reef, support a diverse array of marine life, with over 9,000 marine species identified.
Supporters of the ban argue that deep-sea mining poses significant risks to these fragile ecosystems, potentially causing irreversible harm. However, not all political factions agreed with the approach. Members of pro-French, anti-independence parties abstained from the vote, citing concerns that the measure was “too rigid” and its legal basis “largely disproportionate.”
The decision comes amid contrasting international developments. Just days prior, U.S. President Donald Trump signed a decree authorizing deep-sea mining in international waters, drawing criticism from international bodies. Leticia Carvalho, head of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), emphasized that “no state has the right to unilaterally exploit the mineral resources of the area outside the legal framework established by UNCLOS.”
While New Caledonia opts for long-term environmental protection, other Pacific nations, such as Nauru and the Cook Islands, have expressed support for seabed exploration. The Pacific Islands Forum has yet to reach a consensus on a regional stance regarding deep-sea mining.
New Caledonia’s bold move underscores the growing tension between environmental conservation and the pursuit of economic opportunities in the Pacific region. As debates continue, the territory’s decision sets a significant precedent in global ocean governance.
